Cannabis Use During Pregnancy: Risks, Research, and Professional Recommendations

As cannabis use becomes more mainstream and widely accepted, many pregnant individuals wonder whether it is safe to consume cannabis during pregnancy. While some people use cannabis for nausea, anxiety, and pain relief, the medical community remains concerned about its potential effects on fetal development.

This article presents an in-depth, research-based analysis of cannabis use during pregnancy, covering scientific findings, risks, potential long-term effects, and professional recommendations for expectant mothers.

 

 

Prevalence of Cannabis Use During Pregnancy

Cannabis is the most commonly used psychoactive substance during pregnancy, aside from tobacco and alcohol. According to a 2022 study published in JAMA, cannabis use among pregnant women has increased significantly, particularly in regions where cannabis is legal. The prevalence of cannabis use during pregnancy in North America is estimated to be between 5% and 10%—with some studies suggesting even higher rates among younger and lower-income populations.

 

 

Why are pregnant individuals using cannabis?

The most common reasons cited include:

• Morning sickness relief (Nausea & vomiting)
• Anxiety and stress management
• Chronic pain relief
• Appetite stimulation

However, medical experts caution against its use, citing concerns about potential impacts on fetal development and long-term cognitive function.

 

 

How Cannabis Affects Pregnancy and Fetal Development

The primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), crosses the placenta and enters the fetal bloodstream. This means that when a pregnant person consumes cannabis, the fetus is directly exposed to THC, which interacts with the endocannabinoid system (ECS)—a crucial system involved in brain development.

Known Risks of Prenatal Cannabis Exposure

Low Birth Weight & Premature Birth

• Research indicates that prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with a 1.5x higher risk of delivering a low birth weight infant.
• Babies exposed to cannabis in utero are also more likely to be born prematurely before 37 weeks.

Increased Risk of Stillbirth

• A National Institutes of Health (NIH) study found that cannabis use during pregnancy is linked to a 2x higher risk of stillbirth.

Potential Developmental Delays & Cognitive Issues

• THC exposure in the womb is believed to alter brain development, particularly in areas responsible for memory, attention, and executive function.
• Studies have found that children exposed to cannabis in utero may have increased risk of ADHD, learning difficulties, and behavioral problems.

Higher Risk of Mental Health Disorders in Adolescence

• Longitudinal studies suggest that teens whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy are at a higher risk of depression, anxiety, and even psychotic disorders.

 

 

Debunking Myths: “Is Cannabis Safer Than Other Substances?”

A common belief is that cannabis is safer than alcohol or tobacco during pregnancy. While alcohol is undoubtedly the most harmful substance in terms of fetal development (leading to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder), cannabis is not necessarily safe just because it is "natural."

Comparing Risks

Substance	Risks During Pregnancy
Alcohol	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, severe developmental impairments, physical abnormalities
Tobacco	Low birth weight, preterm birth, respiratory issues
Cannabis	Cognitive & behavioral risks, preterm birth, possible stillbirth

While cannabis is less harmful than alcohol, medical professionals still discourage its use due to potential unknowns regarding long-term neurodevelopmental effects.

 

 

Cannabis vs. CBD: Is CBD Safe During Pregnancy?

Many believe that CBD (cannabidiol) is a safer alternative to THC since it is non-psychoactive. However, there is insufficient research to confirm its safety during pregnancy.

The FDA warns against CBD use in pregnancy due to:

• Lack of long-term studies on fetal development
• Possible contaminants (heavy metals, pesticides in unregulated products)
• Potential interactions with medications
  

Until further research is available, pregnant individuals are advised to avoid both THC and CBD.

 

 

Expert Recommendations & Alternatives to Cannabis Use During Pregnancy

Professional Medical Guidelines

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG): Advises against cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation.

The CDC: Recommends alternative treatments for morning sickness, such as vitamin B6, ginger supplements, and antihistamines.

Alternative Remedies for Pregnancy Symptoms

Nausea & Vomiting Relief

• Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) & Doxylamine (safe, doctor-recommended)
• Ginger tea or ginger chews (clinically proven to reduce nausea)

Anxiety & Stress

• Mindfulness meditation & breathing exercises
• Prenatal yoga or light exercise

Pain Relief

• Prenatal massage & acupuncture
  
• Magnesium supplements for muscle cramps

 

 

Conclusion: The Verdict on Cannabis Use During Pregnancy

The evidence strongly suggests that cannabis use during pregnancy carries potential risks to fetal health, brain development, and overall pregnancy outcomes. While some studies are ongoing, leading medical organizations advise against its use due to the possible consequences on a child’s cognitive and behavioral development.

Expectant mothers seeking symptom relief should consult their healthcare provider for safer alternatives.

Key Takeaway: Until further research confirms otherwise, abstaining from cannabis use during pregnancy is the safest choice.

 

Sources :

• ACOG (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) : Marijuana Use During Pregnancy and Lactation
• Canada : Is Cannabis safe during preconception, pregnancy and breastfeeding?
• ACOG (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) : Marijuana and Pregnancy